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We pulled roughly 1,400 shots across eleven machines, measuring extraction yield with a refractometer and temperature stability at the group head over 20-shot sessions.
What we measured
Brew temperature stability, extraction consistency across ten consecutive shots, steam power and recovery, and how long a first shot takes from cold.
Where the money goes
Above roughly $900 you buy thermal stability and a real steam boiler. Below it you buy convenience. Both are legitimate purchases — but know which one you're making.